 
What is Glutathione (GSH)?
Biochemistry and Metabolism:
Reduced Glutathione (GSH) is a
linear tripeptide of L-glutamine, L-cysteine, and glycine. Technically
N-L-gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl glycine or L-Glutathione, the molecule has a
sulfhydryl (SH) group on the cysteinyl portion, which accounts for its
strong electron-donating character.
As electrons are lost, the
molecule becomes oxidized, and two such molecules become linked (dimerized)
by a disulfide bridge to form Glutathione disulfide or oxidized Glutathione
(GSSG). This linkage is reversible upon re-reduction.
Glutathione is under tight
homeostatic control both intracellularly and extracellularly. A dynamic
balance is maintained between GSH synthesis, it s recycling from GSSG/oxidized
Glutathione, and its utilization.
Glutathione synthesis involves
two closely linked, enzymatically-controlled reactions that utilize ATP.
First, cysteine and glutamate are combined by gamma-glutamyl cysteinyl
synthetase. Second, GSH synthetase combines gamma-glutamylcysteine with
glycine to generate Glutathione. As Glutathione levels rise, they self-limit
further GSH synthesis; otherwise, cysteine availability is usually
rate-limiting. Fasting, protein-energy malnutrition, or other dietary amino
acid deficiencies limit Glutathione synthesis.
Glutathione recycling is
catalyzed by Glutathione disulfide reductase, which uses reducing
equivalents from NADPH to reconvert GSSG to 2GSH. The reducing power of
ascorbate helps conserve systemic Glutathione.
Glutathione is used as a cofactor
by (1) multiple peroxidase enzymes, to detoxify peroxides generated from
oxygen radical attack on biological molecules; (2) transhydrogenases, to
reduce oxidized centers on DNA, proteins, and other biomolecules; and (3)
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) to conjugate Gluathione with endogenous
substances (e.g., estrogens), exogenous electrophiles (e.g., arene oxides,
unsaturated carbonyls, organic halides), and diverse xenobiotics. Low GST
activity may increase risk for disease but paradoxically, some Glutathione
conjugates can also be toxic.
Direct attack by free radicals
and other oxidative agents can also deplete Glutathione. The homeostatic
Glutathione redox cycle attempts to keep Glutathione repleted as it is being
consumed. Amounts available from foods are limited (less that 150 mg/day),
and oxidative depletion can outpace synthesis.
The liver is the largest
Glutathione reservoir. The parenchymal cells synthesize GSH for P450
conjugation and numerous other metabolic requirements then export GSH as a
systemic source of SH-reducing power. Glutathione is carried in the bile to
the intestinal luminal compartment. Epithelial tissues of the kidney
tubules, intestinal lining and lung have substantial P450 activity and
modest capacity to export Glutathione.
Glutathione equivalents circulate
in the blood predominantly as cystine, the oxidized and more stable form of
cysteine. Cells import cystine from the blood, reconvert it to cysteine
(likely using ascorbate as cofactor), and from it synthesize GSH.
Conversely, inside the cell, Glutathione helps re-reduce oxidized forms of
other antioxidants such as ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol.
 
Mechanism of Action:
Glutathione is an extremely
important cell protectant. It directly quenches reactive hydroxyl free
radicals, other oxygen-centered free radicals, and radical centers on DNA
and other biomolecules. Glutathione is a primary protectant of skin, lens,
cornea, and retina against radiation damage and other biochemical
foundations of P450 detoxification in the liver, kidneys, lungs, intestinal,
epithelia and other organs.
Glutathione is the essential
cofactor for many enzymes that require thiol-reducing equivalents, and helps
keep redox-sensitive active sites on enzyme in the necessary reduced state.
Higher-order thiol cell systems, the metallothioneins, thioredoxins and
other redox regulator proteins are ultimately regulated by Glutathione
levels and the GSH/GSSG redox ratio. GSH/GSSG balance is crucial to
homeostasis stabilizing the cellular biomolecular spectrum, and facilitating
cellular performance and survival.
Glutathione and its metabolites
also interface with energetics and neurotransmitter syntheses through
several prominent metabolic pathways. Glutathione availability
down-regulates the pro-inflammatory potential of leukotrienes and other
eicosanoids. Recently discovered S-nitroso metabolites, generated in vivo
from Glutathione and NO (nitric oxide), further diversify Glutathione's
impact on metabolism.
Monograph provided by Alternative
Medicine Review
Glutathione Used in Various
Disease States:
*Acetaminophen Toxicity
*ALS
*Alzheimer s
*ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)
*Cancer
*Chronic Fatigue |
*COPD
*Cystic Fibrosis
*Diabetes
*Heavy Metal Toxicity
*HIV
|
*Huntington s Disease
*Lyme Disease
*Multiple Sclerosis
*Parkinsons Disease
*Stroke |
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